文化人类学视野下的仪式探究

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BEIJING, Sept. 16 (Xinhua) -- The infant milk powder produced by most companies in China was safe according to the nationwide check results following the Sanlu baby formula scam, the country's State Council departments said on Tuesday.     The State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine said it had tested 491 batches of baby milk powder produced by all the 109 companies in the country in a special inspection move. Tang Yiwen, 9-month old, is checked by doctor at a children's hospital in Guilin, south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Sept. 16, 2008. The infant milk powder produced by most companies in China was safe according to the nationwide check results following the Sanlu baby formula scam, the country's State Council departments said on Tuesday. 69 batches from 22 companies nationwide were found containing melamine, a chemical which had tainted Sanlu's baby formula and led to kidney stone illness of more than 1,200 infants across the country.     The number of companies with melamine-tainted milk accounted for 20.18 percent of the total of milk powder companies in China. And the number of tainted batches accounted for 14.05 percent of the total batches tested.     The melamine content in the Sanlu brand reached 2,563 mg per kg, the highest among all the samples. In other samples, the range was from 0.09 mg to 619 mg per kilogram. Parents with their babies wait for examinations at a children's hospital in Hefei, capital of east China's Anhui Province Sept. 16, 2008.Authorities have sealed the problematic milk powder products in companies, or removed them from store shelves and recalled all those sold.     Safe powder milk products will continue to be sold on market to ensure enough supply, according to the State Council.     To ensue the quality safety, the quality inspection bodies will dispatch supervisors to each baby milk powder company since Wednesday to oversee the quality of raw materials and production procedures. Every batch of products will be checked.     Sanlu, which is 43 percent owned by New Zealand dairy company Fonterra, has been ordered to halt production. The Hebei provincial government decided on Tuesday to dispatch four working teams to Sanlu Group for a thorough investigation.     So far, four milk dealers have been arrested and 22 others detained for questioning by Hebei police.

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BEIJING, Oct. 4 (Xinhua) -- China's State Council, or the Cabinet, has decided to further extend a program that involves special funds for infrastructure and other projects in three particularly arid and poor areas in the country's remote northwest.     While extending the program from 2009 to 2015, the government also decided to raise the annual total funding from 200 million yuan (29.2 million U.S. dollars) to 300 million yuan, Xinhua learnt Saturday. Picture taken on Oct. 1 shows workers of a building company transfering building materials in Douping Village, Longnan City in China's Gansu Province. China's State Council, or the Cabinet, has decided to further extend a program that involves special funds for infrastructure and other projects in three particularly arid and poor areas in the country's remote northwestThe three areas are Dingxi and Hexi prefectures in Gansu Province and Xihaigu prefecture in neighboring Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.     From 1983, the three prefectures were the earliest poverty-stricken regions to carry out the national poverty-relief programs. A dedicated agricultural development subsidy fund was set up to help the three regions build infrastructure and develop agricultural production.     The statement said it was the third time the government had extended the program, which would expire at the end of this year.     Over the past 25 years, poverty-relief efforts had achieved remarkable results. Life in the three areas were significantly improved, a government statement said.     Through 2007, those living under absolute poverty in the counties stood at nearly 1.35 million, in comparison to 7.84 million in 1982. Poverty incidence were down from 62 percent in 1982 to 8.3 percent last year.     In Dingxi and Hexi, the annual net income of local farmers jumped to 2,141 yuan per capita through 2007 from 96.3 yuan per capita in 1982. In Xihaigu, farmers' annual net income jumped to 2,214 yuan per capita in 2007 from 126.6 yuan per capita in 1982.     Poverty-relief programs implemented in the three areas had not only helped push forward anti-poverty efforts in Gansu and Ningxia,but had also been forerunners of the country's development-oriented poverty alleviation drive.     Despite notable achievements, the three areas were still at an early stage of economic development and local farmers income levels were far below the national average, according to the statement.     It was still an arduous task for the country to fundamentally change the three regions poor conditions, so the Cabinet decided to extend the program again and step up supporting efforts, it added.

BEIJING, Aug. 20 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao on Wednesday paid a morale-boosting visit to the country's Paralympic athletes, urging them to "strive to become strong and fight for the best."     With 16 days to go until the opening ceremony in Beijing, Hu, accompanied by Vice President Xi Jinping, went to the training center for Paralympic athletes in a northeastern suburb of the capital in the morning. Chinese President Hu Jintao shakes hands with an athlete at the training center for Paralympic athletes in Beijing, China, Aug. 20, 2008.More than 300 Chinese athletes competing in the Sept. 6-17 Games were busy training at the center, the country's first national-level training facility for disabled athletes.     The 547-member China delegation, the largest in history, will participate in all 20 events during the upcoming Paralympics.     Hu watched the training of the athletes in track and field, football, swimming and wheelchair basketball.     He cheered on Li Duan who had lost his sight 12 years ago in an accident, as he practiced long jump under the guidance of his coach. Li won two gold medals at the 2004 Athens Paralympics. Chinese President Hu Jintao cheers on swimmers at the training center for Paralympic athletes in Beijing, China, Aug. 20, 2008 "I heard you used to play basketball and switched to long jump after an accident. It must have not been easy for you." Hu said while holding the blind man's hands.     "A soldier could be injured, but he remained a soldier. An armyman could fall down, but his will was unbeatable," Li, a soldier in service, responded in high spirit. He said he would fight for better performances at the Beijing Games.     Hu also shook hands with other track and field athletes, and looked over the artificial limbs and racing wheelchairs they used.     "I was here to cheer for you before the opening of the Games, and I was moved to see all of you striving to become stronger and training very hard." He wished them all good luck during the Games. Chinese President Hu Jintao holds a football after writing "striving to become strong and fighting for the best" on it at the training center for Paralympic athletes in Beijing, China, Aug. 20, 2008. Hu also watched football players afflicted with cerebral palsy in training. They were the first-such group from China to represent the country in the Paralympics.     He wrote on a football "striving to become strong and fighting for the best," after the 12 athletes gave the president a football with their own signatures.     He said he hoped they would not only fight in the upcoming competition, but also in their daily lives.     At the swimming stadium, Hu said he believed the athletes would fully demonstrate their abilities and bring some glory for the country. Chinese swimmers had performed well in previous events. Chinese President Hu Jintao shakes hands with wheelchair basketball players at the training center for Paralympic athletes in Beijing, China, Aug. 20, 2008Hu opened a game for wheelchair basketball players, and applauded the frequent baskets by the athletes. He urged players to put participation before winning and enjoy the fun of the Games.     Hu also visited a downtown community home for the disabled after he left the training center to find out about the community services provided for the ordinary handicapped population in the capital. Chinese President Hu Jintao shakes hands with a disabled man who is playing chess in Shichahai community home for the disabled in Beijing, China, Aug. 20, 2008. At the special home set in a courtyard, he chatted with the disabled who were painting, writing, surfing on the Internet, playing Chinese chess or receiving recovery exercises.     He also joined some mentally-challenged people who were learning to make pizzas and dumplings, and another 20 handicapped making handicrafts such as bracelets and cloth paintings.     "The country will take more measures and make more efforts to improve the living conditions to let all the handicapped have a happy life in their mother country," Hu pledged.

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    BEIJING, Oct. 8 (Xinhua) -- President Hu Jintao on Wednesday urged China to carry on the spirit of unity, courage, "people first" and scientific thinking that characterized the May 12 earthquake relief effort.     At a ceremony in Beijing's Great Hall of the People to honor outstanding organizations and individuals for their contributions to the rescue and relief work, Hu said the spirit should be promoted among the Communist Party of China (CPC) members and the public.     This would help advance the sound and rapid economic and social development.     He said that in face of the major disaster, the CPC Central Committee had listed quake relief as the most important and urgent task for the Party and country as soon as possible.     Quake relief headquarters under the State Council had been set up and a system to coordinate the military and local governments had been established to mobilize the nation to advance the quake relief and reconstruction.     "We organized the fastest quake relief work with the most people mobilized in China's history, saved as many as possible lives and minimized the losses from the disaster," Hu said.     The 8.0-magnitude quake was the most destructive one since the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, with more than 30,000 aftershocks, affecting 500,000 square km over more than 10 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, including Gansu, Shaanxi and Chongqing.     It was felt in 417 counties, 4,667 townships and 48,810 villages. It left 69,227 dead with 17,923 still missing. About 15.1 million people were displaced, Hu said.     Direct losses exceeded 845.1 billion yuan (124 billion U.S. dollars) as infrastructure was destroyed and industrial and agricultural production was affected, causing major environmental damage.     Party committees, governments, grassroots cadres and the people in quake-hit regions had responded quickly to the devastating quake, making the utmost effort to help themselves and others.     Hu praised the 146,000 troops, armed police, reservists and police which had been mobilized for the anti-quake work, describing them as the "main force" and "commandoes." Chinese President Hu Jintao and other Chinese Party and state leaders including Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang meet with representatives of the organizations and individuals who made major contributions to the relief work after the May 12 earthquake before the ceremony honoring organizations and individuals for their contributions to relief work after the May 12 earthquake struck southwest China, at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China, Oct. 8, 2008OUTSTANDING INDIVIDUALS, ORGANIZATIONS HONORED     Hu, also the CPC Central Committee general secretary and Central Military Commission chairman, and other senior officials, presented awards to soldiers, police, grassroots cadres, teachers, medical workers, journalists, construction workers and volunteers, among others.     A total of 319 governmental organs, Party committees, businesses and hospitals, as well as 522 individuals were honored at the ceremony attended by about 6,000 people and broadcast live nationwide.     Five of the recipients were awarded posthumously for dying in the line of duty, including 23-year-old teacher Gou Xiaochao.     Gou was in a classroom at Yong'an Village's primary school in Tongjiang County, Sichuan Province, when the whole building began shaking violently at 2:28 p.m. on May 12.     Realizing it was a strong earthquake, he herded the shocked students out of the building. His actions saved dozens of schoolchildren before he was buried in hail of concrete and bricks.     He died on the way to hospital, only 10 days after getting married.     Policewoman Jiang Min is another heroine whose story is now known all over China.     She lost 10 family members, including her two-year-old daughter and her mother, when the quake almost leveled her hometown, Beichuan County. Despite her tremendous grief, Jiang kept helping others affected in the quake.     Hu Jintao said the May earthquake was "a great test of Chinese will, courage and strength, as well as the Party's ruling capability."     "The relief work showed the great strength of the CPC and the socialist state, the great strength of the 1.3 billion Chinese people, the great strength of the reform and opening up, and the great strength of socialism with Chinese characteristics," he said.     During his speech, Hu suggested people who attended the ceremony stand in silent tribute for compatriots who died in the quake and the martyrs who sacrificed themselves in the relief work.     RECONSTRUCTION NOW A MAJOR FOCUS     Hu said the anti-quake work had again proved China's system of socialism had great vitality for development with the advantage of "concentrating strength on big events."     This proved people are the real driving force for the country's development. In addition, it proved the army is the "iron great wall" to protect the people and proved the CPC's core leadership role in developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.     "We have gained precious experience in dealing with emergencies and combating major natural disasters," Hu said.     Hu said the Sichuan quake caused huge loss of life and property and damaged economic and social development.     The quake relief work had tested and demonstrated the great achievement of the last 30 years of reform and opening up.     He stressed to fully implement the rebuilding policies after the disaster to build happy new homes for the quake-affected people, solving the problems concerned with their livelihood.     Reconstruction should be scientifically planned and carried out step by step.     "We should realize the goal of 'homes and jobs for each household, social security for everyone, improvement to local infrastructure, development of the economy and improvement to the environment,'" he said.     People's basic living conditions and public service facilities should be resumed first and the working conditions should be resumed as soon as possible.     "Currently, we should help the people get through the winter season safely."     Hu urged the quake-affected people to work hard and other regions to provide support to the rebuilding.     In addition to Hu, Chinese Party and state leaders including Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang, and about 6,000 people attended the ceremony.     Premier Wen, who presided over the ceremony, said the outlines and policies of the rebuilding would be well implemented

HONG KONG, July 7 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping delivered a keynote speech at a welcoming banquet hosted by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) government here Monday evening, elaborating his understanding of and expectations to the HKSAR.     Xi started his toast at the dinner by extending warm greetings and best wishes to Hong Kong people on behalf of the central government and President Hu Jintao. Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping delivers a keynote speech at a welcoming banquet on July 7, 2008. "Over the past 11 years since Hong Kong's return, what you have achieved is truly commendable," Xi told about 400 guests attending the dinner in his televised speech at the Shangri-La Hotel, "we are here to feel for ourselves the profound changes that have taken place in Hong Kong since its return."     Xi expressed his thanks to the HKSAR government and Hong Kong compatriots for their strong support to the Chinese mainland in the rescue and relief efforts in earthquake-hit southwest China, as well as their contributions to the preparations of the Beijing 2008 Olympic and Paralympic Games.     "We in the Chinese mainland are deeply touched by the profound friendship of our Hong Kong compatriots with whom we share the strongest blood ties," said Xi, who takes charge of the Hong Kong and Macao affairs and a top-level leading group for the preparations of the Beijing Olympics and Paralymics.     The vice president said he was confident that the HKSAR government and Hong Kong compatriots will host warm, splendid and successful equestrian events during the Olympic and Paralympic Games.     As one of the six co-host cities, Hong Kong will stage the Beijing Olympics equestrian events in August.     Xi said the HKSAR government has led the preparatory work with great sense of commitment and the Equestrian Committee (Hong Kong)and the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong have been working in close collaboration with all sectors of Hong Kong.     The whole country and the whole world are deeply impressed by Hong Kong people's enthusiasm, their level of participation and their passion for the Olympics, he noted.     Xi announced that the Ministry of Commerce and the HKSAR government will soon sign a document on the arrangement to facilitate entry of Hong Kong service providers to the Chinese mainland, particularly Guangdong Province.     "In future, the central government will continue to give strong support to all initiatives and endeavors aimed at developing the economy and improving people's lives in Hong Kong," Xi stressed.     With the strong support of the motherland and the united efforts of the HKSAR government and Hong Kong people of all sectors, Hong Kong will overcome all risks, difficulties and challenges on its way of development, he added.     Xi said Hong Kong now enjoys social stability, economic growth and higher living standard, and its future is even more promising.     "What has happened has proved and will continue to show that the policy of 'one country, two systems" is the right choice for Hong Kong and has strong vitality," he said, adding, "our Hong Kong compatriots will administer Hong Kong well and bring greater prosperity to the people."     In the welcoming banquet in honor of the vice president, Chief Executive of HKSAR Donald Tsang pledged that Hong Kong will do its best to make the equestrian events a great success to demonstrate that Hong Kong people are worthy of the trust bestowed upon them by the nation.     Xi arrived in Hong Kong on Sunday morning for a three-day inspection tour of the special administrative region.

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BEIJING, Aug. 8 (Xinhua) -- The opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games staged here on Friday night has caught nearly 40 billion people's eyes worldwide.    A dream-come-true resonance that longed for a hundred years and prepared for 84 months is giving millions of reasons to Chinese to have a sleepless night.    THRILLING VENUE AUDIENCE AND ATHLETES Chinese former gymnastics champion Li Ning kindles the cauldron of the Beijing Olympic Games during the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games held in the National Stadium, also known as the Bird's Nest, in north Beijing, China, Aug. 8, 2008. "The most exciting moment is the igniting part, it combines technology, traditional arts and Li Ning's effort in such a perfect way," Xie Mengxin, a girl sitting in the stadium, known as Bird's Nest, said after the ceremony.    "There have been so many heart-shaking moments in it and we were all thrilled," she said, adding that the spacewalking-like showing of the last torch bearer for the Games has beyond her imagination.    Paduld Sri Rohana de Pettagan, an official with the Sri Lanka Olympic Committee, said "I love the countdown part which combines the Chinese ancient history with the modern high technology."    "The opening is so good, with so many hi-tech features. The organizers used fireworks, LED screen, video and audio technologies to show the best of China," he added.The cauldron of the Beijing Olympic Games is ablaze over the National Stadium, also known as the Bird's Nest, in north Beijing, China, in the early morning of Aug. 9, 2008. "Every part of the preparation of the Beijing Olympic Games is fantastic. The Games is an opportunity for the world to understand China, and for China to understand the world as well." Michael Naumann, a tourist from Germany who watched the ceremony on TV, told Xinhua.    "It was awesome. A lot different from the other ones. Being a vet, seeing the new guys' faces when we were walking into the stadium for the first time was awesome." Brian Olson from U.S. said.    "This Olympics has gone above and beyond. It was special, whether it's your fourth or first." the judoka coming from Tallahassee, Florida said.    "It was once in a lifetime, I loved it. I was speechless at times. I really liked the torch and the guy flying through the air," said Demetrius Andrade, a U.S. Boxer from Providence, Rhode Island.    "It was really nice, it was inspirational. It made me want to compete," said another Boxer Sadam Ali who was among others encouraged to "give it all you have got" by U.S. president George Bush before attending the opening ceremony.

BEIJING, June 17 (Xinhua) -- Chinese shares sank to a 15-month low on Tuesday in very low volume, amid weak investor confidence.     The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index fell 2.76 percent to 2,794.75, its 10th loss in a row. The Shenzhen Component Index fared worse, sinking 4.03 percent, or 395.77 points, to 9,429.50.     The Hushen 300 Index, which reflects about 60 percent of the combined market value in Shanghai and Shenzhen, closed at 2,842.68 points, down 109.57 points, or 3.71 percent. Investors read information at a stock trading hall in Shanghai, China, June 10, 2008. The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index fell 2.76 percent to 2,794.75, its 10th loss in a row    Total turnover was just 67.5 billion yuan (9.65 billion U.S. dollars).     Financial, oil and petrochemical, real estate, mining, transportation and broker stocks led the plunge.     China Merchant Property, for example, dipped 7.36 percent to 16.12 yuan. A man looks at the electronic board showing the stock index at a securities exchange in Shanghai, east China, June 17, 2008. The Shanghai index slid through the 2,800-point mark, touching 2,799.33 points at midday, shortly after the National Bureau of Statistics said the growth rate of fixed-asset investment slowed in the first five months.     Urban fixed-asset investment rose 25.6 percent year-on-year to 4.026 trillion yuan in the first five months of 2008. The growth rate was 0.3 percentage points below the same period last year and 0.1 percentage point less than the January-April period this year.     Analysts said the market was also being undermined by surging world oil prices, weakening regional economies and the government's efforts to curb liquidity and tame inflation.     The People's Bank of China, the central bank, earlier this month lifted the bank reserve ratio by a full percentage point to 17.5 percent.

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BEIJING, Sept. 8 (Xinhua) -- A reception was given here Monday to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Chinese top political advisor Jia Qinglin attended the event.     Jia, chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, congratulated the DPRK on the anniversary, hailing the DPRK's economic and social achievements over the past six decades.     "We are wholeheartedly glad to see it, and hope to see the DPRK and its people score bigger achievements in their future national construction," Jia said at the opening of the reception. Jia Qinglin (L), chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, toasts with Choe Jin Su, ambassador of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) to China, during a reception at the DPRK Embassy in Beijing, capital of China, Sept. 8, 2008. DPRK Ambassador to China Choe Jin Su held the reception on Sept. 8 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Democratic People's Republic of KoreaThe senior Chinese leader also highlighted the traditional friendship between China and the DPRK, vowing that China will continue to make joint efforts with the DPRK to push forward the bilateral relations to a new level.     Choe Jin Su, DPRK ambassador to China, said that the DPRK highly values its ties with China and will join with China to further promote relations, especially at the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the bilateral diplomatic relationship next year.     He also expressed his congratulations on the success of the Beijing Olympic Games.

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