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公共选择学派的民主表决理论简析

BEIJING, March 11 (Xinhua) -- China's supreme court and procuratorate vowed Thursday to step up anti-corruption efforts after a string of high ranking officials fell in last year's clean-up campaign.Prosecutors will focus on work-related crimes, commercial bribery and crimes that seriously infringe on people's interests this year, Prosecutor-General Cao Jianming told lawmakers in his work report to the parliament.More attention will also be given to criminal cases behind mass incidents and accidents, cases concerning construction projects, real estate development, land management and mineral resource exploration, Cao told nearly 3,000 lawmakers at the annual session of the National People's Congress (NPC).These areas are where corruption usually hide.Officials acting as "protective umbrella" for gangs will also be a focus of prosecutors' agenda this year, Cao said.In the work report of the Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP), Cao said the country's prosecutors launched graft probes against 2,670 officials above county level last year, including eight at the provincial or ministerial level.The eight high-ranking officials included Huang Songyou, former vice president of the Supreme People's Court and Wang Yi, former vice president of the state-run China Development Bank.Also on the list were Chen Shaoji, former top political advisor of southern Guangdong Province, and Wang Huayuan, a former provincial official in eastern Zhejiang Province.Altogether, prosecutors investigated about 41,000 people, down 3.3 percent, in more than 32,000 cases, up 0.9 percent, for embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty and other work-related crimes last year, according to Cao's report.Among the probed, more than 18,000 were "extremely serious" corruption cases, while 3,100 were grave cases in connection to dereliction of duty or infringement of people's rights, it said.More than 9,300 government workers were implicated in cases of dereliction of duty, malfeasance and infringement of people's rights, Cao said.Nearly 3,200 bribers were punished "in an effort to strengthen crackdown on bribery offering crimes," he said.Cao said the authorities seized more than 1,100 on-the-run suspects involved in work-related crimes, with more than 7.1 billion yuan (about one billion U.S. dollars) embezzled or received in bribes recovered.NPC deputy Zhu Yong, also a political and law official in the provincial Communist Party committee in the eastern Anhui Province, said strict anti-corruption measures, such as auditing on officials who are leaving their posts, have produced fruitful results in fighting corruption.However, Zhu said some officials are still vulnerable to the temptation of bribes, and so fighting graft remains a challenge.Fighting graft is a very difficult task worldwide and cannot be efficiently addressed in a short period of time, Zhu added.VOWS TO CLEAN UP JUDICIARYChief Justice Wang Shengjun said courts will take actions on judicial corruption to prevent abuse of judicial power this year after Huang Songyou, former vice president of the Supreme People's Court (SPC), was jailed for life in January for taking bribes and embezzlement.Huang was convicted of taking more than 3.9 million yuan (about 574,000 U.S. dollars) of bribes from 2005 to 2008.Wang said nearly 800 court officials were punished for violating laws last year.Courts at all levels should "learn a lesson" from the case of Huang to pinpoint rooted problems on the management of judges and supervision of power, he said.Prosecutor-General Cao said the authority will "never relax its efforts" in the crackdown on judicial corruption.An extensive anti-gang crackdown in southwestern Chongqing municipality since last year revealed a grave situation of judicial corruption. About 200 judicial and public security officials in the city have been found to be implicated.Wen Qiang, former deputy police chief and head of the justice bureau of Chongqing, stood trial last month. He was accused of raping, taking more than 15 million yuan of bribes to protect criminal gangs, and possessing a huge amount of unexplainable assets.

BEIJING, Jan. 27 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao concluded a three-day tour to the quake-hit Shaanxi Province on Tuesday, calling for more efforts to beef up reconstruction with high quality.Hu spoke highly of the infrastructure reconstruction after the severe earthquake in 2008 and urged local authority to spare no effort and complete the work with high quality.  Chinese President Hu Jintao (C Front) talks with local residents during visit to high-rise residential buildings, which used to be a shanty community in Beilin District in Xi'an, northwest China's Shaanxi Province, Jan. 25, 2010. Hu concluded a three-day tour to the quake-hit Shaanxi Province on Tuesday, calling for more efforts to beef up reconstruction with high quality. He said the rebuilding should comply with long-term development, and should be environmental-friendly and be able to shield against earthquake and natural disaster.During his visit to a local auto plant and an electrical facilities producer, Hu asked enterprises to enhance innovation and sharpen their competitiveness.  Chinese President Hu Jintao (2nd R) listens to introduction during his inspection at a local auto plant in northwest China's Shaanxi Province, Jan. 25, 2010.As he inspected an aerospace research institute, Hu said the aerospace industry is of strategic importance and plays an increasingly important role in the competition of national strength.He encouraged researchers to contribute more to human being's peaceful use of outer space.During a visit to high-rise residential buildings, which used to be a shanty community in Beilin District in Xi'an, Hu ordered local authorities to step up transformation of of shanty towns to provide more new homes for needy residents.Hu also urged upgrading industrial structure and reducing energy consumption and pollution to protect the environment amid efforts to strike a balance between maintaining a stable and relatively fast economic growth and transforming the growth mode.He also urged boosting innovation capability and expanding public services to improve people's livelihood.During his visit to the Ningqiang County, Hu said the government will continue to help farmers to enhance agricultural production and raise their income.

QINGDAO, Feb. 2 (Xinhua) -- A cold front is worsening the icing situation in the coast off east China's Shandong Province, which has just been temporarily relieved from China's worst sea ice in three decades, officials said Tuesday.North China Sea Branch (NCSB) of the State Oceanic Administration issued a sea ice alert Tuesday, the first since Jan. 27 when temperature climbed and ice started to melt.Ice in the Liaodong Bay and northern Yellow Sea extended 10 and 9 nautical miles respectively to 79 and 26 nautical miles on Tuesday, according to the NCSB.The extension of ice in the Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay can not be measured due to heavy fog. Ice in the Liaodong Bay is likely to keep on expanding in the coming five days, said Shang Jie, a forecaster with NCSB."Icing in the Liaodong Bay and northern Yellow Sea will expand significantly and that of the other two bays will develop at a slower pace," Shang added.Icing first appeared in early January. Thick ice threatened ship navigation, anchoring and operations at ports, impacted local fishery and stranded some people on islands. NCSB had to issue sea ice alerts everyday between Jan. 12 and 27.

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SEOUL, Feb. 17 (Xinhua) -- South Korea plans to launch a joint research with China and Japan on the feasibility of a free trade agreement (FTA) among the three Northeast Asian countries, South Korea's foreign ministry said Wednesday.According to a report by the ministry, the country, which has been seeking an economic integration of the Northeast Asian region by creating favorable conditions for FTAs, will kick off a joint study with the countries, in which government officials, scholars and business representatives will participate.Along with the trilateral FTA, the country will also continue to push for settling separate bilateral trade agreements with China and Japan, the ministry said in the report.Currently, South Korea has free trade agreements with Chile, Singapore and the European Free Trade Association, as well as a similar pact with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.Recently reaching a free trade deal with the European Union, the country also wrapped up its free trade talks with India, settling the so-called comprehensive economic partnership agreement (CEPA) in August.With respect to the free trade deal with the United States, signed in June 2007, both countries are waiting for legislative approval.South Korea is also seeking similar trade deals with Australia, Canada, and Mexico.

HANGZHOU, Feb. 13 (Xinhua) -- Days before its 4,000 employees, mostly migrants, started off upon their annual trips home for the Chinese Lunar New Year, Tiansheng Group, a textile company in the eastern Zhejiang Province, promised pay rises hoping workers would all come back after the holiday."We are expecting a severe shortage of skilled workers this year," said Wei Guoliang, president of the company's trade union. "We'll be short of at least 1,000 workers in Spring."Lu Laofa (R), a 40-year-old migrant worker from southwest China's Guizhou Province, and his children make a free phone call with their relatives at the railway station of Hangzhou, capital of east China's Zhejiang Province, Jan. 31, 2010Located in Shaoxing County, Asia's biggest textile base, Tiansheng Group relies mostly on migrant workers from Anhui, Henan and Sichuan provinces for production.Fearing it might lose some of its best employees, the company's management offered an average 15-percent pay rise for all workers, plus higher meal allowances and better medical insurance starting on March 1.The offer was printed out and posted at the company's main entrance to catch the workers' attention."We don't know if it will work," said Wei. "But we do hope the workers will come back after the Spring Festival."Two farmer migrant workers who returned home for the Spring Festival take part in a lathe-hand technical training at Juye County, east China's Shandong Province, Feb. 5, 2010.While the Spring Festival falls Sunday, most migrants would stay home for about two weeks for the most important Chinese holiday.For years, migrant workers are the mainstay of labor forces in China's leading manufacturing bases in the Shanghai-centered Yangtze River Delta and the Guangzhou-centered Pearl River Delta.Yiwu City in Zhejiang Province, known for its small commodities including the world's biggest supply of toys and Christmas gifts, is also feeling the pinch of worker scarcity.After a recruitment tour to underdeveloped western provinces of Guizhou, Shaanxi and Yunnan last year, Huang Yunlong, head of the city's labor management bureau, said the situation would be tough for local employers this year.Migrant workers gesture on their chartered flight at the airport in Hangzhou, capital of east China's Zhejiang Province, Feb. 4, 2010In a recent survey in Lishui, a manufacturing town close to Yiwu, 4,000 of the 6,000 migrants who were heading home for the new year said they would stay in their hometowns for jobs or do farmwork after the holiday.Hoping to ease the labor shortage, Red Leaf Umbrella Co. encourages its employees to introduce new workers and offers a 600 yuan cash reward for each new recruit."The worker shortage is a result of the fast economic recovery, as well as the new policies by central and local governments to stimulate growth in the central and western regions," said Zhuo Yongliang, a researcher with Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Development and Reform.Amid the economic recovery, a Yiwu-based restaurant consumes 600 packs of wet tissues a day, as against 400 packs during the international financial crisis last year."The worker shortage, as well as the heavier workload for individual employees, have forced employers to offer better pays and compensation packages -- it's a good thing to this end," said Prof. Wu Jinliang with the Zhejiang Provincial Party School. "But it also eats way the competitive edge of thousands of small businesses that used to rely on cheap labor."Besides the worker scarcity, many entrepreneurs are also worrying about the skills and overall quality of their employees.Zhou Xiaoguang, president of a Yiwu-based decoration firm, remembers the dainty products he saw at an exposition in Europe. "Why can't we produce stuff like that? We can spend heavily to buy better equipment and hire better designers, but we don't have high-caliber workers at our production lines."Langsha Group, China's leading producer of socks and stockings, dropped a procurement plan last year for an Italian-made automatic packing machine that could spare the manual work of 30 workers and improve quality."No one is able to run the machine or fix it if it breaks down," said the group's president Weng Rongdi. "Our lack of training for the workers is a big problem.""Like all other Chinese manufacturing companies, we need high-caliber workers if we want to make further breakthroughs," he said.

UNITED NATIONS, Jan. 21 (Xinhua) -- A senior Chinese diplomat announced here on Thursday that China has decided to contribute an additional 2.6 million U.S. dollars in cash to quake-hit Haiti and send a 40-member medical care and epidemic prevention team to the Caribbean country.The announcement came as Liu Zhenmin, China's deputy permanent representative to the United Nations, was taking the floor at the second briefing/pledging conference of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) for Earthquake in Haiti, which opened here on Thursday afternoon.A strong earthquake on Jan. 12 has left many people dead, including 61 UN staff members working in the island country, and a lot of buildings damaged or destroyed.Cao Li (L), a member of China International Search and Rescue Team, gives psychotherapy to a young Haitian woman in Port-au-Prince Jan. 20, 2010. Members of China International Search and Rescue Team came to a local medical center on Wednesday to offer medical help and psychological consultations to people injured at the Jan. 12 earthquake."At today's meeting, I am honored to announce that the Chinese government has decided to contribute an additional 2.6 million U.S. dollars in cash to Haiti, send a 40-member medical care and epidemic prevention team to Haiti and provide additional medicine and medical equipment to the country," Liu said."We support the United Nations in playing an important coordinating role in disaster relief and reconstruction in Haiti," he said. "We hope that the Haitian people, with the help of the international community, will overcome the difficulties, rebuild their homes and achieve self-reliance at an early date."The new Chinese contribution follows a Jan. 13 decision of the Red Society of China to donate one million U.S. dollars in cash to Haiti, he said. "On Jan. 15, the Chinese government announced its decision to provide 30 million yuan (about 4.4 million U.S. dollars) worth of humanitarian emergency supplies to Haiti."The first charter plane loaded with these supplies arrived in Haiti on Jan. 17, bringing to the local people medicine, tents, portable emergency lights, water purification equipment, food, drinking water and clothes, he said. "The second plane, which was delayed due to limited capacity of the Haitian airport, will arrive on Jan. 26."Since Jan. 13, the 60-member emergency rescue team sent by the Chinese government has fully engaged in disaster relief in the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince, he said. "The team has carried out effective search and rescue operations at the headquarters of MINUSTAH (the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti), the prime minister's palace and other places, with a number of bodies found, including those of Special Representative Hedi Annabi of MINUSTAH and other UN staff.""The medical team of the Chinese rescue team are providing medical support for several hundred local people everyday," he said. "At this very moment, the Chinese international rescue team is still working at this forefront of disaster relief in Haiti and doing its utmost to help more people affected by the earthquake."Since the earthquake struck Haiti on Jan. 12, the international community has worked in solidarity to offer a helping hand to the Haitian people and government, he said. "At present, disaster relief in Haiti is in full swing.""The Chinese government highly commends the timely and effective assistance provided to Haiti by the United Nations, which has won the wide acclaim of the international community and laid a good foundation for the next phase of reconstruction efforts," he said.

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BEIJING, Jan. 12 (Xinhua) -- China's National Marine Forecasting Station on Tuesday issued an alarm on sea ice as it was developing fast off the country's eastern coast.     In the following week, the floating chunks of ice could extend up to 90 nautical miles off the coast of Baohai Sea and 25 nautical miles in the northern Yellow Sea. The ice thickness could measure up to 40 cm, the station said.     The station warned of threats to port infrastructure, transportation and maritime operations. Fishing boats are seen trapped by sea ice in Laizhou Bay, east China's Shandong Province, Jan. 12, 2010. The most severe icing situation in the past 30 years in the coast off Shandong Province continued to worsen amid cold snaps. Sea ice appeared last week along the coastline of the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea as cold fronts pushed the temperature down to minus 10 degrees Celsius    The worst sea ice in the past 30 years appeared from early Jan. along the coastline of the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea as cold fronts pushed the temperature down to minus 10 degrees Celsius and below.     Sea ice in the Liaodong Bay nearly doubled to 71 nautical miles Tuesday from 38 nautical miles on December 31.     With another cold front expected this week, the sea ice along the coastline would further develop, the station said.

BEIJING, Feb. 8 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping on Monday stressed knowledge of the Scientific Outlook on Development through study of senior leaders' insights into the transformation of the economic growth mode.Xi, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, made remarks during a meeting on the study and implementation of theory.Xi said various requirements for the transformation of the economic growth mode are of significance to the study and implementation of the theory and the victory in the fight against the financial crisis.Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping (C), also a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, addresses a meeting on further study and implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development in Beijing, capital of China, Feb. 8, 2010. At a seminar for provincial and ministerial level officials which ran from Feb. 3 to 7, Chinese president Hu Jintao and other senior leaders made speeches on the transformation of the country's economic development mode and its sustainable development.Hu urged the country to enhance its capacity for independent innovation, deepen reform of the system for managing science and technology, and speed up its building of a "grand" pool of innovation-oriented talented people in a bid to give scientific and technological support for the transformation.Xi called on officials to listen to public opinion during their travels during the New Year holiday, and to be on the lookout for problems and to solve them.The CPC launched the Scientific Outlook on Development study campaign in September 2008. It emphasizes the well-being of people and a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable approach to development.The campaign, scheduled to end late this month, garnered wide participation with more than 75 million CPC members taking part.

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PORT-AU-PRINCE, Jan. 14 (Xinhua) -- A wood board improvised as a table with all medicine on it -- this is a "mobile hospital" the Chinese rescue team was able to set up to treat those injured in Haiti's capital city Port-au-Prince after the 7.0-magnitude earthquake hit the impoverished Caribbean country on Tuesday.     A large number of injured Haitians have stood in line waiting to be treated by the Chinese doctors on the plaza in front of the quake-affected Prime Minister's Office building. Members of a Chinese emergency rescue team inspect the collapsed building of the headquarters of the UN Stabilization Mission in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Jan. 14, 2010. The Chinese emergency rescue team arrived in Haiti's capital Port-au-Prince early Thursday local time, to help the rescue operation after an earthquake in which up to 100,000 people are feared dead and eight Chinese are still missing. Five patients at a time were carried to the humble "mobile hospital" by volunteers. Most of them suffered physical traumas and the long-time exposed wounds were infected in many of the cases, Hou Shike, chief doctor of the rescue team told Xinhua on Thursday.     The Chinese doctors expressed their sorrow for the lack of medication supplies in Haiti, a country believed to be the poorest of the western hemisphere.     "Doctors and medicine are of great need here," Hou said in a painful tone. With each "Merci (Thank you)" from a cured patient, the medicine that the rescuer brought from China becomes less.     "Now we see the patients are still able to move. But when the infection gets worse, the consequences will be critical," Hou said, apparently worried.     "I hope there are more rescue teams joining us," he said.     China's rescue team arrived in Port-au-Prince on early Thursday morning, with 50 members of the International Rescue Team of China, three rescuer dogs and more than 20 tons of equipment and humanitarian aid.     The Chinese government officials from the Foreign Ministry and Public Security Ministry and media also arrived on a chartered plane. Members of a Chinese emergency rescue team inspect the collapsed building of the headquarters of the UN Stabilization Mission in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Jan. 14, 2010. The Chinese emergency rescue team arrived in Haiti's capital Port-au-Prince early Thursday local time, to help the rescue operation after an earthquake in which up to 100,000 people are feared dead and eight Chinese are still missing. An earthquake of 7.0 magnitude struck Haiti on Tuesday, destroying buildings and basic infrastructures, leaving thousands of people dead and millions affected, including the United Nations' Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH).     It was announced Thursday that a total of four police, 19 soldiers and 13 civilian staff members with the UN mission have died and hundreds of UN personnel unaccounted for.     According to United Nations' statistics, 70 percent of Haiti's population lives in poverty and half of its 8.5 million people are unemployed. The Food and Agriculture Organization has designated Haiti as one of the world's most economically vulnerable countries.

SHANGHAI, March 12 (Xinhua) -- Shanghai General Motors (SGM) is contacting the owners of 2,065 Captive jeeps to recall the vehicles for repair due to risk of steering malfunction, the company said on Friday.The defected vehicles were manufactured by GM Daewoo Auto in the Republic of Korea between Sept. 18, 2007 and Dec. 31, 2008, said a spokesman with SGM.China's General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (GAQSIQ) released a bulletin on Friday, approving SGM's application for the recall.SGM had received no customer reports on the defect, the spokesman said.GAQSIQ has stopped the importation of GM Daewoo Auto's Captive jeeps, according to the bulletin.